FLAGSTAFF, Ariz. (AP) — A U.S. Supreme Court ruling expanding state authority to prosecute some crimes on Native American land is fracturing decades of law built around the hard-fought principle that tribes have the right to govern themselves on their own territory, legal experts say.
The June 29 ruling is a marked departure from federal Indian law and veers away from the push to increase tribes’ ability to prosecute all crimes on reservations — regardless of who is involved. It also casts tribes as part of states, rather than the sovereign nations they are, infuriating many across Indian Country.
“The majority (opinion) is not firmly rooted in the law that I have dedicated my life to studying and the history as I know it to be true,” said Elizabeth Hidalgo Reese, an assistant law professor at Stanford University who is enrolled at Nambé Pueblo in New Mexico. ”And that’s just really concerning,”
Federal authorities largely maintain exclusive jurisdiction to investigate serious, violent crime on reservations across much of the U.S. when the suspect or victim is Native American. The 5-4 decision from the high court in a case out of Oklahoma means states will share in that authority when the suspect is not Native American and the victim is.
Criminal justice on tribal lands already is a tangled web, and the ruling likely will present new thorny questions about jurisdiction, possible triple jeopardy and how to tackle complicated crimes in remote areas where resources are stretched thin. States had power to prosecute crimes involving only non-Natives on reservations before last week’s ruling.
“It will have an impact in Indian Country, so only the future will tell us if it’s good or not,” said Robert Miller, a law professor at Arizona State University and citizen of the Eastern Shawnee Tribe. “Is it better to have more criminal prosecutions, more governments enforcing crimes or less?”
The court ruling likely will have no impact in Alaska, said an Anchorage attorney familiar with the issues.
“The entire case arises in Indian Country, specifically on Indian reservations. To that extent, the case is somewhat less germane to the situation in Alaska,” Loyd Miller, an Anchorage attorney specializing in Indian law, said in an Alaska Public Media interview aired on July 5. “I think the direct application in Alaska is pretty limited, actually nonexistent.”
In addition, Alaska is one of more than 20 states covered by a 1953 law “conferring full criminal jurisdiction on the state of Alaska to prosecute all crimes that come up in any Indian country that might exist,” Miller said.
Justice Neil Gorsuch wrote a scathing dissent to the Supreme Court decision, joined by the court’s three liberal members, saying “one can only hope the political branches and future courts will do their duty to honor this Nation’s promises even as we have failed today to do on our own.”
Principal Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. of the Cherokee Nation said the court “failed in its duty to honor this nation’s promises, defied Congress’s statutes and accepted the ‘lawless disregard of the Cherokee’s sovereignty.’”
It’s unclear how the decision ultimately will play out for tribes, but there is precedent. The tribal governance statute Congress passed in 1953 was partly intended to relieve the federal government of funding public safety on some reservations. The law resulted in state authority over crime in several states, including Alaska and California where about three-fifths of the 574 federally recognized tribes are based.
Tribes did not consent to the system, and Congress did not fund the expansion of state authority on tribal land.
“Federal Indian law is just littered with cases in which tribes were denied the opportunity to speak on their own behalf,” said Lauren van Schilfgaarde, a member of Cochiti Pueblo in New Mexico who directs the Tribal Legal Development Clinic at the UCLA.
Federal authorities have long been criticized for declining to prosecute cases in Indian Country — roughly a third, according to the U.S. Department of Justice. Authorities in states also have been criticized for a lack of response to crime in Indian Country, where law enforcement officers often must travel long distances to investigate reported crimes.
Tribes asserted that the federal government —with which they have a political relationship — is the appropriate sovereign entity to handle criminal matters. Congress maintains control over Native American and Alaska Native affairs, which are overseen by the Department of Interior.
States have no such obligation to tribes.
Kevin Washburn, dean of the University of Iowa’s law school, said it will be interesting to see how the priority question shakes out.
“That is, will feds take primacy or will state prosecutors take primacy in cases?” asked Washburn, who is Chickasaw and a former assistant Interior secretary for Indian Affairs. “And how do they decide who will be first or who will move at all?”
While the Supreme Court ruling is an expansion of power for states, it doesn’t come with a similar increase for tribes. A 1978 ruling stripped tribes of any criminal jurisdiction over non-Natives on their reservations. The reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 2013 restored some of that authority in limited domestic violence cases and further expanded it earlier this year.
Less than 1% of federally recognized tribes in the U.S. have implemented that authority. It raises the possibility of tribes, the state and the feds prosecuting a suspect for the same offense.
Most tribes can sentence convicted offenders to only a year in jail, regardless of the crime. A 2010 federal law increased tribes’ sentencing authority to three years for a single crime. Few tribes have met the federal requirements to use that authority, including having public defenders and law-trained judges.
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